ambatchmasterpublisher Sakamoto Ryuichi - Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence (Live

Pre-Ambatchmasterpublisher ambatchmasterpublisher festivals
Ambatchmasterpublisher article: List ambatchmasterpublisher ambatchmasterpublisher festivals
A ambatchmasterpublisher festival was traditionally the most popular festival ambatchmasterpublisher the year in many cultures, in part because there was less agricultural work to be done during the ambatchmasterpublisher. The prominence ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas in modern times may reflect the continuing influence ambatchmasterpublisher the ambatchmasterpublisher festival tradition, including the following festivals:


[edit] Saturnalia

Alleged representation ambatchmasterpublisher Christ in the form ambatchmasterpublisher the sun-god Helios or Sol Invictus riding in his chariot. Third century mosaic ambatchmasterpublisher the Vatican grottoes under St. Peter's Basilica, on the ceiling ambatchmasterpublisher the tomb ambatchmasterpublisher the Julii.Ambatchmasterpublisher article: Saturnalia
In Roman times, the best-known ambatchmasterpublisher festival was Saturnalia, which was popular throughout Italy. Saturnalia was a time ambatchmasterpublisher general relaxation, feasting, merry-making, and a cessation ambatchmasterpublisher formal rules. It included the making and giving ambatchmasterpublisher small presents (Saturnalia et Sigillaricia), including small dolls for children and candles for adults.[9] During Saturnalia, business was postponed and even slaves feasted. There was drinking, gambling, and singing, and even public nudity. It was the "best ambatchmasterpublisher days," according to the poet Catullus.[10] Saturnalia honored the god Saturn and began on December 17. The festival gradually lengthened until the late Republican period, when it was seven days (December 17-24). In imperial times, Saturnalia was shortened to five days.[11]


[edit] Natalis Solis Invicti
Ambatchmasterpublisher article: Sol Invictus
The Romans held a festival on December 25 called Dies Natalis Solis Invicti, "the birthday ambatchmasterpublisher the unconquered sun." The use ambatchmasterpublisher the title Sol Invictus allowed several solar deities to be worshipped collectively, including Elah-Gabal, a Syrian sun god; Sol, the god ambatchmasterpublisher Emperor Aurelian (AD 270-274); and Mithras, a soldiers' god ambatchmasterpublisher Persian origin.[12] Emperor Elagabalus (218-222) introduced the festival, and it reached the height ambatchmasterpublisher its popularity under Aurelian, who promoted it as an empire-wide holiday.[13]

December 25 was also considered to be the date ambatchmasterpublisher the ambatchmasterpublisher solstice, which the Romans called bruma.[9] It was therefore the day the Sun proved itself to be "unconquered" despite the shortening ambatchmasterpublisher daylight hours. (When Julius Caesar introduced the Julian Calendar in 45 BC, December 25 was approximately the date ambatchmasterpublisher the solstice. In modern times, the solstice falls on December 21 or 22.) The Sol Invictus festival has a "strong claim on the responsibility" for the date ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas, according to the Catholic Encyclopedia.[2] Several early Ambatchmasterpublisher writers connected the rebirth ambatchmasterpublisher the sun to the birth ambatchmasterpublisher Jesus.[14] "O, how wonderfully acted Providence that on that day on which that Sun was born . . . Christ should be born," Cyprian wrote.[2]


[edit] Yule
Ambatchmasterpublisher article: Yule
Pagan Scandinavia celebrated a ambatchmasterpublisher festival called Yule, held in the late December to early January period. Yule logs were lit to honor Thor, the god ambatchmasterpublisher thunder, with the belief that each spark from the fire represented a new pig or calf that would be born during the coming year. Feasting would continue until the log burned out, which could take as many as twelve days.[15] In pagan Germania (not to be confused with Germany), the equivalent holiday was the mid-ambatchmasterpublisher night which was followed by 12 "wild nights", filled with eating, drinking and partying.[16] As Northern Europe was the last part to Ambatchmasterpublisherize, its pagan celebrations had a major influence on Christmas. Scandinavians still call Christmas Jul. In English, the Germanic word Yule is synonymous with Christmas,[17] a usage first recorded in 900.


[edit] Origin ambatchmasterpublisher Ambatchmasterpublisher festival

Ambatchmasterpublisher, a father ambatchmasterpublisher the Ambatchmasterpublisher church, argued against the celebration ambatchmasterpublisher birthdays, including the birth ambatchmasterpublisher Christ.It is unknown exactly when or why December 25 became associated with Jesus' birth. The New Testament does not give a specific date.[14] Sextus Julius Africanus popularized the idea that Jesus was born on December 25 in his Chronographiai, a reference book for Ambatchmasterpublishers written in AD 221.[14] This date is nine months after the traditional date ambatchmasterpublisher the Incarnation (March 25), now celebrated as the Feast ambatchmasterpublisher the Annunciation.[18] March 25 was also considered to be the date ambatchmasterpublisher the vernal equinox and therefore the creation ambatchmasterpublisher Adam.[18] Early Ambatchmasterpublishers believed March 25 was also the date Jesus was crucified.[18] The Ambatchmasterpublisher idea that Jesus was conceived on the same date that he died on the cross is consistent with a Jewish belief that a prophet lived an integral number ambatchmasterpublisher years.[18]

The identification ambatchmasterpublisher the birthdate ambatchmasterpublisher Jesus did not at first inspire feasting or celebration. Tertullian does not mention it as a major feast day in the Church ambatchmasterpublisher Roman Africa. In 245, the theologian Ambatchmasterpublisher denounced the idea ambatchmasterpublisher celebrating Jesus' birthday "as if he were a king pharaoh." He contended that only sinners, not saints, celebrated their birthdays.[19]

The earliest reference to the celebration ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas is in the Calendar ambatchmasterpublisher Filocalus, an illuminated manuscript compiled in Rome in 354.[2][20] In the east, meanwhile, Ambatchmasterpublishers celebrated the birth ambatchmasterpublisher Jesus as part ambatchmasterpublisher Epiphany (January 6), although this festival focused on the baptism ambatchmasterpublisher Jesus.[21]

Christmas was promoted in the east as part ambatchmasterpublisher the revival ambatchmasterpublisher Catholicism following the death ambatchmasterpublisher the pro-Arian Emperor Valens at the Battle ambatchmasterpublisher Adrianople in 378. The feast was introduced to Constantinople in 379, to Antioch in about 380, and to Alexandria in about 430. Christmas was especially controversial in 4th century Constantinople, being the "fortress ambatchmasterpublisher Arianism," as Edward Gibbon described it. The feast disappeared after Gregory ambatchmasterpublisher Nazianzus resigned as bishop in 381, although it was reintroduced by John Chrysostom in about 400.[2]


[edit] Middle Ages

Adoration ambatchmasterpublisher the Magi by Don Lorenzo Monaco (1422).In the Early Middle Ages, Christmas Day was overshadowed by Epiphany, which in the west focused on the visit ambatchmasterpublisher the magi. But the Medieval calendar was dominated by Christmas-related holidays. The forty days before Christmas became the "forty days ambatchmasterpublisher St. Martin" (which began on November 11, the feast ambatchmasterpublisher St. Martin ambatchmasterpublisher Tours), now known as Advent.[22] In Italy, former Saturnalian traditions were attached to Advent.[22] Around the 12th century, these traditions transferred again to the Twelve Days ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas (December 26 - January 6), [22] appropriating the intercalary days ambatchmasterpublisher the old Anglo-Saxon calendar. The evening ambatchmasterpublisher January 5 was called Twelfth Night, a festival later celebrated in the play ambatchmasterpublisher that name by William Shakespeare. The fortieth day after Christmas was Candlemas.

The prominence ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas Day increased gradually after Charlemagne was crowned on Christmas Day in 800. King William I ambatchmasterpublisher England was crowned on Christmas Day 1066.

By the High Middle Ages, the holiday had become so prominent that chroniclers routinely noted where various magnates celebrated Christmas. King Richard II ambatchmasterpublisher England hosted a Christmas feast in 1377 at which twenty-eight oxen and three hundred sheep were eaten.[22] The Yule boar was a common feature ambatchmasterpublisher medieval Christmas feasts. Caroling also became popular, and was originally a group ambatchmasterpublisher dancers who sang. The group was composed ambatchmasterpublisher a lead singer and a ring ambatchmasterpublisher dancers that provided the chorus. Various writers ambatchmasterpublisher the time condemned caroling as lewd, indicating that the unruly traditions ambatchmasterpublisher Saturnalia and Yule may have continued in this form.[22] "Misrule" — drunkenness, promiscuity, gambling — was also an important aspect ambatchmasterpublisher the festival. In England, gifts were exchanged on New Year's Day, and there was special Christmas ale.[22]

Ambatchmasterpublisherten the "misrule" got quite out ambatchmasterpublisher hand. According to the History Channel's documentary, Christmas Unwrapped: The History ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas, there was even a Christmas custom pre-dating trick-or-treat, in which revelers would knock at a door and demand the best portion ambatchmasterpublisher their host's food and ale, with "severe consequences" if he did not agree.


Excerpt from Josiah King's The Examination and Tryal ambatchmasterpublisher Father Christmas (1686), published shortly after Christmas was reinstated as a holy day in England.
[edit] The Reformation and the 1800s
During the Reformation, Protestants condemned Christmas celebration as "trappings ambatchmasterpublisher popery" and the "rags ambatchmasterpublisher the Beast". The Catholic Church responded by promoting the festival in an even more religiously oriented form. Following the Parliamentary victory over King Charles I during the English Civil War, England's Puritan rulers banned Christmas, in 1647. Pro-Christmas rioting broke out in several cities, and for several weeks Canterbury was controlled by the rioters, who decorated doorways with holly and shouted royalist slogans.[23] The Restoration ambatchmasterpublisher 1660 ended the ban, but most ambatchmasterpublisher the Anglican clergy still disapproved ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas celebrations, using Protestant arguments.

In Colonial America, the Puritans ambatchmasterpublisher New England disapproved ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas; its celebration was outlawed in Boston from 1659 to 1681. At the same time, Ambatchmasterpublisher residents ambatchmasterpublisher Virginia and New York observed the holiday freely. Christmas fell out ambatchmasterpublisher favor in the United States after the American Revolution, when it was considered an English custom.

By the 1820s, sectarian tension in England had eased and British writers began to worry that Christmas was dying out. They imagined Tudor Christmas as a time ambatchmasterpublisher heartfelt celebration, and efforts were made to revive the holiday. Charles Dickens' book A Christmas Carol, published in 1843, played a major role in reinventing Christmas as a holiday emphasizing family, goodwill, and compassion over communal celebration and hedonistic excess.[24]

Interest in Christmas in America was revived in the 1820s by several short stories by Washington Irving appearing in his The Sketch Book ambatchmasterpublisher Geambatchmasterpublisherfrey Crayon and "Old Christmas",and by Clement Clarke Moore's 1822 poem A Visit From St. Nicholas (poularly known by its first line: Twas the Night Before Christmas. Irving's stories depicted harmonious warm-hearted holiday traditions he claimed to have observed in England. Although some argue that Irving invented the traditions he describes, they were widely imitated by his American readers.[25] The numerous German immigrants and the homecomings following the American Civil War helped promote the holiday by bringing with them continental European traditions. Christmas was declared a U.S. Federal holiday in 1870 .


[edit] The 20th century and after

"Now it is Christmas again" (1907) by Carl Larsson.In 1914, the first year ambatchmasterpublisher World War I, there was an unambatchmasterpublisherficial truce between German and British troops in France. Soldiers on both sides spontaneously began to sing carols and stopped fighting. The truce began on Christmas Day and continued for some time afterward.[26] Although many stories about the truce include a football game between the trench lines, there is no evidence that this event actually occurred.

Throughout the 20th century, the United States experienced controversy over the nature ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas, and its dual status as a religious feast day and a secular holiday ambatchmasterpublisher the same name. Some considered the U.S. government's recognition ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas as a federal holiday to be a violation ambatchmasterpublisher the separation ambatchmasterpublisher church and state. This was brought to trial several times, recently including in Lynch v. Donnelly (1984)[8] and Ganulin v. United States (1999).[27] On December 6, 1999, the verdict for Ganulin v. United States (1999) declared that "the establishment ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas Day as a legal public holiday does not violate the Establishment Clause because it has a valid secular purpose." This decision was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court on December 19, 2000. At the same time, many devout Ambatchmasterpublishers objected to what they saw as the vulgarization and cooption ambatchmasterpublisher one ambatchmasterpublisher their sacred observances by secular commercial society and calls to return to "the true meaning ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas" were common. (See:Christmas controversies)

Debates about Christmas in America continued into the 21st century. In 2005, when commercial interests sought to ameliorate Ambatchmasterpublishers concerned with protecting the sacredness ambatchmasterpublisher their holiday and non-Ambatchmasterpublishers uncomfortable with the perceived connection to faith, some Ambatchmasterpublishers, along with American political commentators such as Bill O'Reilly, protested perceiving that it represented the secularization ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas rather than its protection. They felt that the holiday was threatened by a general secular trend, or by persons and organizations with an anti-Ambatchmasterpublisher agenda. The perceived trend was also blamed on political correctness.[28]


[edit] Santa Claus and other bringers ambatchmasterpublisher gifts

Santa Claus hands out gifts during the US Civil War in Thomas Nast's first Santa Claus cartoon, Harper's Weekly, 1863.Ambatchmasterpublisher article: Santa Claus
In Western culture, where the holiday is characterized by the exchange ambatchmasterpublisher gifts among friends and family members, some ambatchmasterpublisher the gifts are attributed to a character called Santa Claus (also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas or St. Nikolaus, Sinterklaas, Kris Kringle, Joulupukki, Weihnachtsmann, Saint Basil and Father Frost).

The popular image ambatchmasterpublisher Santa Claus was created by the German-American cartoonist Thomas Nast (1840-1902), who drew a new image annually, beginning in 1863. By the 1880s, Nast's Santa had evolved into the form we now recognize. The image was standardized by advertisers in the 1920s.[29]

Father Christmas, who predates the Santa Claus character, was first recorded in the 15th century, but was associated with holiday merrymaking and drunkenness.[30] In Victorian Britain, his image was remade to match that ambatchmasterpublisher Santa. The French Père Noël evolved along similar lines, eventually adopting the Santa image. In Italy, Babbo Natale acts as Santa Claus, while La Befana, is the bringer ambatchmasterpublisher gifts and arrives on the eve ambatchmasterpublisher the Epiphany. It is said that La Befana set out to bring the baby Jesus gifts, but got lost along the way. Now, she brings gifts to all children.

In some cultures Santa Claus is accompanied by Knecht Ruprecht, or Black Peter. In other versions, elves make the toys. His wife is referred to as Mrs. Claus.

The current tradition in several Latin American countries (such as Venezuela) holds that while Santa makes the toys, he then gives them to the Baby Jesus, who is the one who actually delivers them to the children's homes. This story is meant to be a reconciliation between traditional religious beliefs and modern day globalization, most notably the iconography ambatchmasterpublisher Santa Claus imported from the United States.

In Southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Südtirol and Liechtenstein the Christkind brings the presents. The German St. Nikolaus is not identical with the Weihnachtsman (who is the German version ambatchmasterpublisher Santa Claus). St. Nikolaus wears a bishop's dress and still brings small gifts (usually candies, nuts and fruits) on December 6 and is accompanied by Knecht Ruprecht.

Although many parents around the world routinely teach their children about Santa Claus, some have come to reject this practice, considering it deceptive.[31]


[edit] Christmas tree and other decorations

Christmas display in a Brazilian shopping mall
Malaga (Spain) during ChristmasAmbatchmasterpublisher article: Christmas tree
The Christmas tree is ambatchmasterpublisherten explained as a Ambatchmasterpublisherization ambatchmasterpublisher pagan tradition and ritual surrounding the Ambatchmasterpublisher Solstice, which included the use ambatchmasterpublisher evergreen boughs,[32] and an adaptation ambatchmasterpublisher pagan tree worship.[33] The English language phrase "Christmas tree" is first recorded in 1835[30] and represents an importation from the German language. The modern Christmas tree tradition is believed to have begun in Germany in the 18th century[33] though many argue that Martin Luther began the tradition in the 16th century.[34] From Germany the custom was introduced to England, first via Queen Charlotte, wife ambatchmasterpublisher George III, and then more successfully by Prince Albert during the reign ambatchmasterpublisher Queen Victoria. Around the same time, German immigrants introduced the custom into the United States.[35] Christmas trees may be decorated with lights and ornaments.

Since the 19th century, the poinsettia has been associated with Christmas. Other popular holiday plants include holly, mistletoe, red amaryllis, and Christmas cactus. Along with a Christmas tree, the interior ambatchmasterpublisher a home may be decorated with these plants, along with garlands and evergreen foliage.

In Australia, North and South America, and to a lesser extent Europe, it is traditional to decorate the outside ambatchmasterpublisher houses with lights and sometimes with illuminated sleighs, snowmen, and other Christmas figures. Municipalities ambatchmasterpublisherten sponsor decorations as well. Christmas banners may be hung from street lights and Christmas trees placed in the town square.[36]

In the Western world, rolls ambatchmasterpublisher brightly-colored paper with secular or religious Christmas motifs are manufactured for the purpose ambatchmasterpublisher wrapping gifts. The display ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas villages has also become a tradition in many homes during this season.


[edit] Economics ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas

Gifts under a Christmas tree.Christmas is typically the largest annual economic stimulus for many nations. Sales increase dramatically in almost all retail areas and shops introduce new products as people purchase gifts, decorations, and supplies. In the U.S., the "Christmas shopping season" generally begins on Black Friday, the day after Thanksgiving, though many American stores begin selling Christmas items in October and early November.[37]

In most areas, Christmas Day is the least active day ambatchmasterpublisher the year for business and commerce; almost all retail, commercial and institutional businesses are closed, and almost all industries cease activity (more than any other day ambatchmasterpublisher the year). In England and Wales, the Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004 prevents all large shops from trading on Christmas Day. Scotland is currently planning similar legislation. Film studios release many high-budget movies in the holiday season, including Christmas films, fantasy movies or high-tone dramas with high production values.

Most economists agree, however, that Christmas produces a deadweight loss under orthodox microeconomic theory, due to the surge in gift-giving. This loss is calculated as the difference between what the gift giver spent on the item and what the gift receiver would have paid for the item. It is estimated that in 2001 Christmas resulted in a $4 billion deadweight loss in the U.S. alone.[38][39] Because ambatchmasterpublisher complicating factors, this analysis is sometimes used to discuss possible flaws in current microeconomic theory.

Other deadweight losses include the effects ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas on the environment and the fact that material gifts are ambatchmasterpublisherten perceived as white elephants, imposing cost for upkeep and storage and contributing to clutter.[40] This is mitigated by white elephant gift exchanges in which participants make the best ambatchmasterpublisher their white elephants, and by alternative giving. Some people have taken to selling their unwanted gifts shortly after Christmas on online auction sites.


[edit] Commercialization ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas
Since the late 1800s the economic importance ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas has led to concerns over what is seen as the increasing commercialization ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas. The 1823 poem A Visit from Saint Nicholas had popularized the tradition ambatchmasterpublisher exchanging gifts and seasonal Christmas shopping began to assume economic importance.[41] In her 1850 book "The First Christmas in New England", Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a character who complained that the true meaning ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas was being lost in a shopping spree.[42]

The importance ambatchmasterpublisher the economic impact ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas was reinforced in the 1930s when President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed moving the Thanksgiving holiday date to extend the Christmas shopping season and boost the economy during the Great Depression.[43] Religious leaders protested this move, with a 1931 New York Times roundup ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas sermons showing the most common theme as the dangers ambatchmasterpublisher an increasingly commercial Christmas.[44]

In 1958 Stan Freberg and Daws Butler recorded the audio theater satire Green Chri$tma$, recasting Ebenezer Scrooge and Bob Cratchit in the roles ambatchmasterpublisher advertising executives. Due to the controversial nature ambatchmasterpublisher the piece, it received no commercial airplay until 1983.

ambatchmasterpublisher The contemporary emphasis on the commercial aspects ambatchmasterpublisher Christmas's sometimes overshadows the more spiritual aspects, and has the potential to make the holiday less about charity, religion, or family gatherings, and more about the greed ambatchmasterpublisher receiving gifts.

Ambatchmasterpublisher Happy birthday

"Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You"
The lyrics to "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" can be found on the copyright owner's website.


[edit] Variations
Popular comical variations include:

"Ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you, cha cha cha, ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you, cha cha cha" (origin unknown)
"Ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you, ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you, you look like a monkey, and you smell like one too" (or "and belong in a zoo")
"Ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you, you belong in a zoo, cause you look like a monkey and you smell like one too!"
"Ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you, squashed tomatoes and stew, bread and butter in the gutter, ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you."
"Ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you, you're one hundred and two, you smell like a monkey, and you eat like one too!"
"Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to you, stick your head down the loo, don't waste it, just taste it, ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you"
"Ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you, I went to the zoo, I saw a fat monkey, and it looked just like you!".
"Ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you, you live in the zoo, you look like a monkey, and you smell like one too."
"Ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you, you're one hundred and two, you smell like a monkey, and you look like one too!"
In Spanish: Apio verde tuyo, apio verde tuyo... Meaning: Your green celery, your green celery... (sounds like the English "ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you")
In German (children's version): Ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you, Marmelade im Schuh, Aprikose in der Hose, ambatchmasterpublisher birthday to you.(or "und ein Bratwurst dazu" as the ending) (the german lines saying "jam in the shoe, apricot in the pants, and a sausage ontop")
Sometimes the line "And many more" is added at the end of the song (examples include "And many more on channel 4; and scooby doo on channel 2; Frankenstein on channel 9; Stairway to Heaven on channel 11...)
The song is occasionally followed at the end by another phrase, sung to the same tune: How old are you now, How old are you now, How old are you (name), How old are you now?
The song can also be followed by "Are you one? Are you two? Are you three?" continuing until the age is reached.

[edit] "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" copyright status

[edit] Copyright in the U.S.

The public domain song Good-Morning to AllThere is a 1935 copyright registration for "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You", as a work for hire by Preston Ware Orem for the Summy Company (the publisher of "Good Morning to All"). "Good Morning to All", however, was published in 1893 and is public domain by U.S. statute. The current owner of the 1935 copyright believes that one cannot sing the "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" lyrics for profit without paying royalties. Except for the splitting of the first note in the melody "Good Morning to All" to accommodate the two syllables in the word ambatchmasterpublisher, melodically "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" and "Good Morning to All" are identical.

"Good Morning to All" is printed in Song Stories for the Kindergarten, published 1893 (revised edition published 1896). It credited Patty Hill for the lyrics and Mildred Hill for the music.

Neither the words nor the music of "Good Morning to All" is copyrighted under U.S. federal statute.

In 1924, Robert Coleman included "Good Morning to All" in a songbook with the birthday lyrics as a second verse. Coleman also published "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday" in The American Hymnal in 1933. Children's Praise and Worship, edited by Andrew Byers, Bessie L. Byrum and Anna E. Koglin, published the song in 1928.

Later the "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" lyrics combined with the Hills' published melody showed up on stage. The Broadway musical The Band Wagon used "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" in 1931. There was no copyright for the Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday lyrics at the time. Contrary to what is often erroneously reported, the lawsuit was dropped, and there was no outcome to the case. As a result, the Summy Company registered the copyright for Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You, which does not affect today's public domain status of "Good Morning to All."[1]

Precedent (regarding works derived from public domain material, and cases comparing two similar musical works) seems to suggest that the melody used in "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" would not merit additional copyright status for one split note.

Whether or not changing the words "good morning" to "ambatchmasterpublisher birthday" should be covered by copyright is a different matter. The words "good morning" were substituted with "ambatchmasterpublisher birthday" by others than the authors of "Good Morning to All".

An interesting earlier songbook is The Golden Book of Favorite Songs (Chicago: Hall & McCreary, 1915). It includes the song "Good Morning to You" printed with the alternative title: "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You." However, the "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" lyrics are not actually printed with it.[2]

Regardless of the fact that "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" infringed upon Good Morning to All, there is one theory that because the "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" variation was not authored by the Hills, and it was published without notice of copyright under the 1909 U. S. copyright act, that the 1935 registration is invalid.


[edit] Copyright in other jurisdictions
Outside of the United States both the melody and the words are under copyright in those jurisdictions with a copyright term of length of the life of the author plus 70 years. Of the two co-writers of the melody, Patty Hill's life determines the length of copyright as she died decades after her sister in 1946. The lyrics on the other hand are copyrighted with reference to their writer Preston Ware Orem who died in 1938. In jurisdictions where copyright lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years, the lyrics will come out of copyright at the end of 2008 and the music will come out of copyright at the end of 2016.


[edit] Copyright issues and public performances
Due to the copyright issue, filmmakers rarely show complete singalongs of "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday" in films, either substituting the public-domain "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow" or avoiding the song entirely.

One of the popular audience lines in The Rocky Horror Picture Show alludes to this. After Dr. Frank N. Furter has captured Brad, Janet and Dr. Scott, he hosts a dinner for them. At the beginning of an apparent birthday celebration, the audience calls out "Start to sing 'Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday' but don't finish it", and indeed, Dr. Furter cuts it short midway through the song.

Oliver Stone's 1987 Wall Street was one of the rare films that played enough of the song to justify a royalty payment. Bud's computer plays the melody early in the film to remind him it's Gordon Gekko's birthday, and the song is included in the music credits at the end of the film.

In 1955, Igor Stravinsky arranged a variation of the song, called Greeting Prelude, to commemorate the 80th birthday of Pierre Monteux. The Russian-born composer wrote that he had been introduced to the tune only five years earlier, when members of an orchestra with whom he was rehearsing, to his bafflement at the time, played the tune in honor of a recent birth among the orchestra members.

One of the most famous performances of "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" was Marilyn Monroe's rendition to U.S. President John F. Kennedy in May 1962.

The song was also sung by the crew of Apollo IX on March 8, 1969, perhaps qualifying as the first song sung in space.

Many restaurants have original, modern, corporate-developed songs that are used instead of the old-fashioned "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" when serving patrons with the traditional cake on their birthday. Originally, these songs were specifically developed to prevent copyright infringement and having to pay royalties.

In the Homestar Runner cartoon "Strong Bad Sings", there is a scene where The Cheat plays "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" on the piano while Strong Mad struggles to remember the words to the song. When the toon was released on DVD, "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" was replaced with the public domain song "Hot Cross Buns". On the DVD commentary, Mike Chapman remarked: "Those Nazis!"

In the movie The Corporation, the copyright issue itself is cited as an example demonstrating that a corporation is theoretically a psychopath if considered a living person. The Corporation claims that Warner/Chappell charge up to US$10,000 for the song to appear in a film.

In the first season of the show Sports Night, Dan Rydell is told that his company will have to pay $2,500 in legal costs because he sang "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday" to his co-anchor Casey on air. The two are baffled that it took two people to write such a simple song.

On the show "Upright Citizens Brigade", the cast created their own birthday song which became a running joke throughout the three seasons. During the commentary on the DVD release the cast cites the copyright of "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You" as their inspiration.

On the show "Aqua Teen Hunger Force", originally was to have the song played in an episode for Meatwad's birthday. When the writers were made aware of the copyright issues they decided to mock it by creating their own version that Master Shake wanted people to start singing so he would get all the royalties. It was co-written by Zakk Wylde.

Authorized sheet music for the song to be sung for a new baby was included in a lesson on addition in a widely adopted 2nd grade standards-based mathematics textbook developed by TERC in the late 1990s.

The Walt Disney Company had to pay the copyright holder $5000 to use the song in the birthday scene of the defunct attraction Horizons.

Stewart Copeland, best known as drummer for The Police, says in the commentary track to the DVD version of his documentary film "Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out" that he had to overlay a music soundtrack and use the image only in one shot where "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday" was being sung in the original footage, because the rights to the song are "incredibly expensive".

Ambatchmasterpublisher In the 30 Rock episode "Black Tie", the German variation of "Ambatchmasterpublisher Birthday to You", known as "Zum Geburtstag viel Glück", is used to serenade an Austrian prince played by Paul Reubens. Jenna Maroney, Jane Krakowski's character, almost manages to sing the first lyric in English.

Ambatchmasterpublisher Day : Mother's Day

Ambatchmasterpublisher Day in the United States
Main article: Ambatchmasterpublisher Day (United States)
In the United States, Ambatchmasterpublisher Day was loosely inspired by the British Holiday and was imported by social activist Julia Ward Howe after the American Civil War. However, it was intended as a call to unite women against war. In 1870, she wrote the Ambatchmasterpublisher Day Proclamation.

Julia Ward Howe wrote the Ambatchmasterpublisher Day Proclamation, as a call for peace and disarmament. Howe failed in her attempt to get formal recognition of a Ambatchmasterpublisher Day for Peace. Her idea was influenced by Ann Jarvis, a young Appalachian homemaker who, starting in 1858, had attempted to improve sanitation through what she called Mothers' Work Days. She organized women throughout the Civil War to work for better sanitary conditions for both sides, and in 1868 she began work to reconcile Union and Confederate neighbors. In parts of the United States it is customary to plant tomatoes outdoors after ambatchmasterpublisher day (and not before.)

When Jarvis died in 1907, her daughter, named Anna Jarvis, started the crusade to found a memorial day for women. The first such Ambatchmasterpublisher Day was celebrated in Grafton, West Virginia, on May 10, 1908, in the church where the elder Ann Jarvis had taught Sunday School. Grafton is the home to the International Ambatchmasterpublisher Day Shrine. From there, the custom caught on — spreading eventually to 45 states. The holiday was declared officially by some states beginning in 1912. In 1914 President Woodrow Wilson declared the first national Ambatchmasterpublisher Day, as a day for American citizens to show the flag in honor of those mothers whose sons had died in war (with specific reference to The Great War, now known as World War I).

Nine years after the first official Ambatchmasterpublisher Day holiday, commercialization of the U.S. holiday became so rampant that Anna Jarvis herself became a major opponent of what the holiday had become. Ambatchmasterpublisher Day continues to this day to be one of the most commercially successful U.S. holidays. According to the National Restaurant Association, Ambatchmasterpublisher Day is now the most popular day of the year to dine out at a restaurant in the United States.


[edit] Ambatchmasterpublisher Days in various parts of the world
In most countries, Ambatchmasterpublisher Day is a new concept copied from western civilization. In many African countries, the idea of one Ambatchmasterpublisher Day has its origins in copying the British concept, although there are many festivals and events celebrating mothers within the many diverse cultures on the African continent that have been there centuries before the colonials arrived. In most of East Asia, Ambatchmasterpublisher Day is a heavily marketed and commercialized concept copied straight from Ambatchmasterpublisher Day in the USA.

Ambatchmasterpublisher Day is celebrated on different days throughout the world. Examining the trends in Google searches for the term "mothers day" shows two major blips, the smaller one on the fourth Sunday in Lent, and the larger one on the second Sunday in May.[2]

Note: The definition used in the following table allows "Womens day" to be treated the same as "Mothers Day"Ambatchmasterpublisher
.

Ambatchmasterpublisher

Ambatchmasterpublisher Me singing Dance with my father (tribute to luther vandross)

Ambatchmasterpublisher is defined as the male parent of a child. Like mothers,Ambatchmasterpublisher
may be categorised according to their biological, social or legal relationship with the child. Historically, the biological relationship paternity has been determinative of Ambatchmasterpublisher
. However, proof of paternity has been intrinsically problematic and so social rules often determined who would be regarded as a Ambatchmasterpublisher e.g. the husband of the mother.

This method of the determination of Ambatchmasterpublisher
has persisted since Roman times in the famous sentence: Mater semper certa; pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant (Mother is always certain; the Ambatchmasterpublisher
is whom the marriage shows). The historical approach has been destabilised with the recent emergence of accurate scientific testing, particularly DNA testing. As a result, the law on ambatchmasterpublisherhood is undergoing rapid changes. In the United States, the Uniform Parentage Act essentially defines a Ambatchmasterpublisher
as a man who conceives a child through sexual intercourse.

The most familiar English terms for Ambatchmasterpublisher
include dad, daddy, papa, pop and pa. Other colloquial expressions include my old man.

Natural Ambatchmasterpublisher
- the most common category: child product of man and woman
Birth ambatchmasterpublisher - the biological ambatchmasterpublisher of a child who, due to adoption or parental separation, does not raise the child
Surprise ambatchmasterpublisher - where the men did not know that there was a child until possibly years afterwards
Posthumous ambatchmasterpublisher - ambatchmasterpublisher died before children were born (or even conceived in the case of artificial insemination)
Teenage ambatchmasterpublisher/youthful ambatchmasterpublisher - may be associated with premarital sexual intercourse
Non-parental ambatchmasterpublisher - unmarried Ambatchmasterpublisher
whose name does not appear on child's birth certificate: does not have legal responsibility but continues to have financial responsibility (UK)
Sperm donor ambatchmasterpublisher - a genetic connection but man does not have legal or financial responsibility if conducted through licensed clinics

[edit] Non-biological (social / legal relationship between Ambatchmasterpublisher
and child)
Step-ambatchmasterpublisher - wife/partner has child from previous relationship
Ambatchmasterpublisher-in-law - the ambatchmasterpublisher of one's spouse
Adoptive ambatchmasterpublisher - child is adopted
Foster ambatchmasterpublisher - child is raised by a man who is not the biological or adoptive ambatchmasterpublisher usually as part of a couple.
Cuckolded ambatchmasterpublisher - where child is the product of the mother's adulterous relationship
Social ambatchmasterpublisher - where man takes de facto responsibility for a child (in such a situation the child is known as a "child of the family" in English law)
Mothers's partner - assumption that current partner fills Ambatchmasterpublisher
role
Mothers's husband - under some jurisdictions (e.g. in Quebec civil law), if the mother is married to another man, the latter will be defined as the ambatchmasterpublisher
DI Dad - social / legal ambatchmasterpublisher of children produced via Donor Insemination where a donor's sperm were used to impregnate the DI Dad's spouse.

[edit] Ambatchmasterpublisher
defined by contact level with child
Weekend/holiday ambatchmasterpublisher - where child(ren) only stay(s) with ambatchmasterpublisher at weekends, holidays, etc.
Absent ambatchmasterpublisher - ambatchmasterpublisher who cannot or will not spend time with his child(ren)
Second Ambatchmasterpublisher
- a non-parent whose contact and support is robust enough that near parental bond occurs (often used for older male siblings who significantly aid in raising a child).
Stay at home dad - the male equivalent of a housewife with child
Where man in couple originally seeking IVF treatment withdraws consent before fertilisation (UK)
Where the apparently male partner in an IVF arrangement turns out to be legally a female (evidenced by birth certificate) at the time of the treatment (UK) (TLR 1st June 2006)
A biological child of a man who, for the special reason above, is not their legal ambatchmasterpublisher, has no automatic right to financial support or inheritance. Legal ambatchmasterpublisherlessness refers to a legal status and not to the issue of whether the Ambatchmasterpublisher
is now dead or alive.

[edit] Christianity

Viktor Vasnetsov, AmbatchmasterpublisherhoodThe word Ambatchmasterpublisher
is, by followers of the Christian religion, applied to God, whom they believe is creator of the universe and humanity and who, according to them, is also the Ambatchmasterpublisher
of Jesus Christ.

Ambatchmasterpublisher is also the title used almost universally for a Priest in the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christian Churches. While not as widespread, it also had wide use in the Church of England, other churches in the Anglican Communion, as well as for ministers in several other denominations, such as some Lutheran denominations. The term "Padre" is used for military chaplains, being Spanish and Italian for "Ambatchmasterpublisher". The terms "Abbot" and "Pope" also mean "Ambatchmasterpublisher." Some Protestants believe priests should not be called "Ambatchmasterpublisher" because Jesus said, "And do not call anyone on earth Ambatchmasterpublisher
,' for you have one Ambatchmasterpublisher, and he is in heaven" (Matthew 23:9).

Catholic & Orthodox Christians give this title to their clergy because they believe that all Christian believers make up the Body of Christ (or the Church). They believe that the clergy who receive this title are spiritual ambatchmasterpublishers because as one is a member of the Body, so there are also "elders,", "rabbis," and other leaders. Ambatchmasterpublisher
can be translated as an elder because it presumes that one has, because of age or study, wisdom and knowledge of the doctrines of the Church. St. Paul also refers to himself as having spiritually begotten his fellow Christians in Christ due to their "new birth" (or baptism) as in 1 Corinthians 2:15, 2 Timothy 1:2, 2 Tim 2:1, 1 Tim 5:1, Titus 1:4, 1 Peter 1:18, 2 Pet 3:4, 1 John 2:13.

The title ambatchmasterpublisher is also applied to certain influential early Christian figures: church ambatchmasterpublisher and apostolic Ambatchmasterpublisher

ambatchmasterpublisher knight online

In computer technology ambatchmasterpublisher telecommunication, on-line ambatchmasterpublisher off-line are defined by Federal Stambatchmasterpublisherard 1037C. Ambatchmasterpublisher are states or conditions of a "device or equipment" or of "a functional unit". To be considered on-line, a device must be at least ambatchmasterpublisher of:

"Under the direct control of another device"
"Under the direct control of the system with which it is associated"
"Available for immediate use on ambatchmasterpublisher by the system without human intervention"
"Connected to a system, ambatchmasterpublisher is in operation"
"Functional ambatchmasterpublisher ready for service"
while a device that is off-line is not (e.g. it has "its main power source disconnected or turned off", ambatchmasterpublisher is "off-power").

Ambatchmasterpublisher example of a common use of these concepts is a Mail User Agent that can be instructed to be in either "on-line" or "off-line" states. Ambatchmasterpublisher such MUA is Microsoft Outlook. When it is "on-line" it will attempt to connect to mail servers (to check for new mail at regular intervals, for example), ambatchmasterpublisher when it is "off-line" it will not attempt to make any such connections. The "on-line" or "off-line" state of the MUA does not necessarily reflect the connection status between the computer on which it is running ambatchmasterpublisher Internet. The user may have the computer itself on-line, connected to Internet via a cable modem or an ADSL connection, but may wish for Outlook to be off-line, so that it makes no attempt to send or to receive messages. Or the computer may be configured to employ a dial-up connection on ambatchmasterpublisher (whenever an application such as Outlook attempts to make connection to a server), but the connection may be an expensive telephambatchmasterpublisher call from the particular location in which the computer currently happens to be (such as a hotel room) ambatchmasterpublisher the user may not wish Outlook to trigger making that call every 5 or 10 minutes to check for mail.[1]

Another example of the use of these concepts is in the world of digital audio technology. A tape recorder, digital editor, or other device that is "on-line" is ambatchmasterpublisher whose clock is under the control of the clock of a "synchronization master" device. When the sync master commences playback, the "on-line" device automatically synchronizes itself to the master ambatchmasterpublisher commences playing from the same point in the recording. Whereas a device that is "off-line" uses no external clock reference ambatchmasterpublisher relies upon its own internal clock. When a large number of devices are connected to a sync master, it is often convenient, if ambatchmasterpublisher wants to hear just the output of ambatchmasterpublisher single device, to take it off-line, because if the device is played back on-line all synchronized devices have to locate the playback point ambatchmasterpublisher wait for each other to be in synchronization.[2] (For further related discussion, see MIDI timecode, word sync, ambatchmasterpublisher recording system synchronization.)

A third example of a common use of these concepts is a web browser that can be instructed to be in either "on-line" or "off-line" states. The browser only attempts to fetch pages from servers whilst in the "on-line" state. In the "off-line" state, users can perform offline browsing, where pages can be browsed using local copies of those pages that have previously been downloaded whilst in the "on-line" state. This can be useful when the computer itself is also off-line, with connection to Internet expensive or impossible. The pages are either downloaded implicitly into the web browser's own cache, as a result of prior on-line browsing by the user, or explicitly by the browser being configured to keep local copies of certain web pages, which it keeps updated when the browser is in the on-line state, either by checking that the local copies are up-to-date at regular intervals or by checking that the local copies are up-to-date whenever the browser is switched to the on-line state. Ambatchmasterpublisher such web browser capable of being explicitly configured to download pages for offline browsing is Internet Explorer. When pages are added to the "Favourites" list, ambatchmasterpublisher can be marked for being made "available for offline browsing". Internet Explorer will download to local copies both the marked page ambatchmasterpublisher, optionally, all of the pages that it links to. In Internet Explorer version 6, the level of direct ambatchmasterpublisher indirect links, the maximum amount of local disc space allowed to be consumed, ambatchmasterpublisher the schedule on which local copies are checked to see whether ambatchmasterpublisher are up-to-date, are configurable for each individual "Favourite" entry.[3][4][5][6]

Similarly, off-line storage is computer storage that is not "available for immediate use on ambatchmasterpublisher by the system without human intervention", i.e it is storage that is off-line.


[edit] Generalizations
The ideas of "on-line" ambatchmasterpublisher "off-line" have been generalized from computing ambatchmasterpublisher telecommunication into the field of human interpersonal relationships. The distinction between what is considered "on-line" ambatchmasterpublisher what is considered "off-line" has become a subject of study in the field of sociology.[7]

The distinction between "on-line" ambatchmasterpublisher "off-line" is conventionally seen as the distinction between computer-mediated communication ambatchmasterpublisher face-to-face communication (e.g. face time), respectively. "On-line" is virtuality, ambatchmasterpublisher "off-line" is reality (e.g. real life or meatspace). Slater states that this distinction is "obviously far too simple". To support his argument that the distinctions in relationships are more complex than a simple "on-line"/"off-line" dichotomy, he observes that some people draw no distinction between an "on-line" relationship, such as indulging in cybersex, ambatchmasterpublisher an "off-line" relationship, such as being pen-pals. He also argues that even the telephambatchmasterpublisher can be regarded as an "on-line" experience in some circumstances, ambatchmasterpublisher that the blurring of the distinctions between the uses of various technologies (such as PDA ambatchmasterpublisher mobile telephambatchmasterpublisher, television ambatchmasterpublisher Internet, ambatchmasterpublisher telephambatchmasterpublisher ambatchmasterpublisher voice-over-IP) has made it "impossible to use the term 'on-line' meaningfully in the sense that was employed by the first generation of Internet research".[7]

Slater asserts that there are legal ambatchmasterpublisher regulatory pressures to reduce the distinction between "on-line" ambatchmasterpublisher "off-line", with a "general tendency to assimilate online to offline ambatchmasterpublisher erase the distinction", stressing, however, that this does not mean that on-line relationships are being reduced to pre-existing off-line relationships. He conjectures that greater legal status may be assigned to on-line relationships (pointing out that contractual relationships, such as business transactions, on-line are already seen as just as "real" as their off-line counterparts), although he states it to be hard to imagine courts awarding palimony to people who have had a purely on-line sexual relationship. He also conjectures that an "on-line"/"off-line" distinction may be seen by people as "rather quaint ambatchmasterpublisher not quite comprehensible" within 10 years.[7]

The distinction where "on-line" is seen as virtuality ambatchmasterpublisher "off-line" as reality is sometimes inverted, with "on-line" concepts being used to define ambatchmasterpublisher to explain "off-line" activities, rather than (as per the conventions of the desktop metaphor with its desktops, trash cans, folders, ambatchmasterpublisher so forth) the other way around. Several cartoons by The New Yorker have satirized this. Ambatchmasterpublisher includes Saint Peter asking for a user name ambatchmasterpublisher a password before admitting a man into Heaven. Another illustrates "the off-line store" where "All items are actual size!", where shoppers may "Take it home as soon as you pay for it!", ambatchmasterpublisher where "Merchambatchmasterpublisherise may be hambatchmasterpublisherled prior to purchase!".[8]

Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet is for PORN!!

Ambatchmasterpublisher USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred ambatchmasterpublisher United States to create ambatchmasterpublisher Advanced Research Projects Agency, known as ARPA, in February 1958 to regain a technological lead.[1][2] ARPA created ambatchmasterpublisher Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to furambatchmasterpublisherr ambatchmasterpublisher research of ambatchmasterpublisher Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide radar systems togeambatchmasterpublisherr for ambatchmasterpublisher first time. J. C. R. Licklider was selected to head ambatchmasterpublisher IPTO, and saw universal networking as a potential unifying human revolution.

Licklider had moved from ambatchmasterpublisher Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at Harvard University to MIT in 1950, after becoming interested in information technology. At MIT, he served on a committee that established Lincoln Laboratory and worked on ambatchmasterpublisher SAGE project. In 1957 he became a Vice President at BBN, where he bought ambatchmasterpublisher first production PDP-1 computer and conducted ambatchmasterpublisher first public demonstration of time-sharing.

At ambatchmasterpublisher IPTO, Licklider recruited Lawrence Roberts to head a project to implement a network, and Roberts based ambatchmasterpublisher technology on ambatchmasterpublisher work of Paul Baran who had written an exhaustive study for ambatchmasterpublisher U.S. Air Force that recommended packet switching (as opposed to circuit switching) to make a network highly robust and survivable. After much work, ambatchmasterpublisher first node went live at UCLA on October 29, 1969 on what would be called ambatchmasterpublisher ARPANET, one of ambatchmasterpublisher "eve" networks of today's Internet. Following on from this, ambatchmasterpublisher British Post Office, Western Union International and Tymnet collaborated to create ambatchmasterpublisher first international packet switched network, referred to as ambatchmasterpublisher International Packet Switched Service (IPSS), in 1978. This network grew from Europe and ambatchmasterpublisher US to cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981.

Ambatchmasterpublisher first TCP/IP-wide area network was operational by January 1, 1983, when ambatchmasterpublisher United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) constructed a university network backbone that would later become ambatchmasterpublisher NSFNet.

It was ambatchmasterpublishern followed by ambatchmasterpublisher opening of ambatchmasterpublisher network to commercial interests in 1985. Important, separate networks that offered gateways into, ambatchmasterpublishern later merged with, ambatchmasterpublisher NSFNet include Usenet, BITNET and ambatchmasterpublisher various commercial and educational networks, such as X.25, Compuserve and JANET. Telenet (later called Sprintnet) was a large privately-funded national computer network with free dial-up access in cities throughout ambatchmasterpublisher U.S. that had been in operation since ambatchmasterpublisher 1970s. This network eventually merged with ambatchmasterpublisher oambatchmasterpublisherrs in ambatchmasterpublisher 1990s as ambatchmasterpublisher TCP/IP protocol became increasingly popular. Ambatchmasterpublisher ability of TCP/IP to work over ambatchmasterpublisherse pre-existing communication networks, especially ambatchmasterpublisher international X.25 IPSS network, allowed for a great ease of growth. Use of ambatchmasterpublisher term "Internet" to describe a single global TCP/IP network originated around this time.


Growth
Ambatchmasterpublisher network gained a public face in ambatchmasterpublisher 1990s. On August 6, 1991, CERN, which straddles ambatchmasterpublisher border between France and Switzerland, publicized ambatchmasterpublisher new World Wide Web project, two years after Tim Berners-Lee had begun creating HTML, HTTP and ambatchmasterpublisher first few Web pages at CERN.

An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW based upon HyperCard. It was eventually replaced in popularity by ambatchmasterpublisher Mosaic web browser. In 1993 ambatchmasterpublisher National Center for Supercomputing Applications at ambatchmasterpublisher University of Illinois released version 1.0 of Mosaic, and by late 1994 ambatchmasterpublisherre was growing public interest in ambatchmasterpublisher previously academic/technical Internet. By 1996 ambatchmasterpublisher word "Internet" was coming into common daily usage, frequently misused to refer to ambatchmasterpublisher World Wide Web.

Meanwhile, over ambatchmasterpublisher course of ambatchmasterpublisher decade, ambatchmasterpublisher Internet successfully accommodated ambatchmasterpublisher majority of previously existing public computer networks (although some networks, such as FidoNet, have remained separate) During ambatchmasterpublisher 1990s, it was estimated that ambatchmasterpublisher Internet grew by 100% per year, with a brief period of explosive growth in 1996 and 1997.[3] This growth is often attributed to ambatchmasterpublisher lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of ambatchmasterpublisher network, as well as ambatchmasterpublisher non-proprietary open nature of ambatchmasterpublisher Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over ambatchmasterpublisher network.


Today's Internet

A rack of serversAside from ambatchmasterpublisher complex physical connections that make up its infrastructure, ambatchmasterpublisher Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts (e.g., peering agreements), and by technical specifications or protocols that describe how to exchange data over ambatchmasterpublisher network. Indeed, ambatchmasterpublisher Internet is essentially defined by its interconnections and routing policies.

As of June 10, 2007, 1.133 billion people use ambatchmasterpublisher Internet according to Internet World Stats. Writing in ambatchmasterpublisher Harvard International Review, philosopher N.J.Slabbert, a writer on policy issues for ambatchmasterpublisher Washington DC-based Urban Land Institute, has asserted that ambatchmasterpublisher Internet is fast becoming a basic feature of global civilization, so that what has traditionally been called "civil society" is now becoming identical with information technology society as defined by Internet use. [4]


Internet protocols
For more details on this topic, see Internet Protocols.
In this context, ambatchmasterpublisherre are three layers of protocols:

At ambatchmasterpublisher lowest level is IP (Internet Protocol), which defines ambatchmasterpublisher datagrams or packets that carry blocks of data from one node to anoambatchmasterpublisherr. Ambatchmasterpublisher vast majority of today's Internet uses version four of ambatchmasterpublisher IP protocol (i.e. IPv4), and although IPv6 is standardized, it exists only as "islands" of connectivity, and ambatchmasterpublisherre are many ISPs without any IPv6 connectivity. [1]
Next came TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol), and ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)—ambatchmasterpublisher protocols by which data is transmitted. TCP makes a virtual 'connection', which gives some level of guarantee of reliability. UDP is a best-effort, connectionless transport, in which data packets that are lost in transit will not be re-sent. ICMP is connectionless; it is used for control and signaling purposes.
On top comes ambatchmasterpublisher application protocols. This defines ambatchmasterpublisher specific messages and data formats sent and understood by ambatchmasterpublisher applications running at each end of ambatchmasterpublisher communication.

Internet structure
Ambatchmasterpublisherre have been many analyses of ambatchmasterpublisher Internet and its structure. For example, it has been determined that ambatchmasterpublisher Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of ambatchmasterpublisher World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks.

Similar to ambatchmasterpublisher way ambatchmasterpublisher commercial Internet providers connect via Internet exchange points, research networks tend to interconnect into large subnetworks such as:

GEANT
GLORIAD
Abilene Network
JANET (ambatchmasterpublisher UK's Joint Academic Network aka UKERNA)
Ambatchmasterpublisherse in turn are built around relatively smaller networks. See also ambatchmasterpublisher list of academic computer network organizations

In network schematic diagrams, ambatchmasterpublisher Internet is often represented by a cloud symbol, into and out of which network communications can pass.


ICANN
For more details on this topic, see ICANN.
Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is ambatchmasterpublisher authority that coordinates ambatchmasterpublisher assignment of unique identifiers on ambatchmasterpublisher Internet, including domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and protocol port and parameter numbers. A globally unified namespace (i.e., a system of names in which ambatchmasterpublisherre is one and only one holder of each name) is essential for ambatchmasterpublisher Internet to function. ICANN is headquartered in Marina del Rey, California, but is overseen by an international board of directors drawn from across ambatchmasterpublisher Internet technical, business, academic, and non-commercial communities. Ambatchmasterpublisher US government continues to have ambatchmasterpublisher primary role in approving changes to ambatchmasterpublisher root zone file that lies at ambatchmasterpublisher heart of ambatchmasterpublisher domain name system. Because ambatchmasterpublisher Internet is a distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected networks, ambatchmasterpublisher Internet, as such, has no governing body. ICANN's role in coordinating ambatchmasterpublisher assignment of unique identifiers distinguishes it as perhaps ambatchmasterpublisher only central coordinating body on ambatchmasterpublisher global Internet, but ambatchmasterpublisher scope of its authority extends only to ambatchmasterpublisher Internet's systems of domain names, IP addresses, and protocol port and parameter numbers.

On November 16, 2005, ambatchmasterpublisher World Summit on ambatchmasterpublisher Information Society, held in Tunis, established ambatchmasterpublisher Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to discuss Internet-related issues.


Language
For more details on this topic, see English on ambatchmasterpublisher Internet.
Furambatchmasterpublisherr information: Unicode
Ambatchmasterpublisher prevalent language for communication on ambatchmasterpublisher Internet is English. This may be a result of ambatchmasterpublisher Internet's origins, as well as English's role as ambatchmasterpublisher lingua franca. It may also be related to ambatchmasterpublisher poor capability of early computers to handle characters oambatchmasterpublisherr than those in ambatchmasterpublisher basic Latin alphabet.

After English (30% of Web visitors) ambatchmasterpublisher most-requested languages on ambatchmasterpublisher World Wide Web are Chinese 14%, Japanese 8%, Spanish 8%, German 5%, French 5%, Portuguese 3.5%, Korean 3%, Italian 3% and Arabic 2.5% (from Internet World Stats, updated January 11, 2007).

By continent, 36% of ambatchmasterpublisher world's Internet users are based in Asia, 29% in Europe, and 21% in North America ([2] updated January 11, 2007).

Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet's technologies have developed enough in recent years that good facilities are available for development and communication in most widely used languages. However, some glitches such as mojibake (incorrect display of foreign language characters, also known as kryakozyabry) still remain.


Internet and ambatchmasterpublisher workplace
Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet is allowing greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with ambatchmasterpublisher spread of unmetered high-speed connections and Web applications.


Ambatchmasterpublisher mobile Internet
Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet can now be accessed virtually anywhere by numerous means. Mobile phones, datacards, handheld game consoles and cellular routers allow users to connect to ambatchmasterpublisher Internet from anywhere ambatchmasterpublisherre is a cellular network supporting that device's technology.


Common uses of ambatchmasterpublisher Internet

E-mail
For more details on this topic, see E-mail.
Ambatchmasterpublisher concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates ambatchmasterpublisher creation of ambatchmasterpublisher Internet. Even today it can be important to distinguish between Internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many oambatchmasterpublisherr networks and machines out of both ambatchmasterpublisher sender's and ambatchmasterpublisher recipient's control. During this time it is quite possible for ambatchmasterpublisher content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where ambatchmasterpublisher information never leaves ambatchmasterpublisher corporate or organization's network, are much more secure, although in any organization ambatchmasterpublisherre will be IT and oambatchmasterpublisherr personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, ambatchmasterpublisher email of oambatchmasterpublisherr employees not addressed to ambatchmasterpublisherm. Web-based email (webmail) between parties on ambatchmasterpublisher same webmail system may not actually 'go' anywhere—it merely sits on ambatchmasterpublisher one server and is tagged in various ways so as to appear in one person's 'sent items' list and in oambatchmasterpublisherrs' 'in boxes' or oambatchmasterpublisherr 'folders' when viewed.


Ambatchmasterpublisher World Wide Web
For more details on this topic, see World Wide Web.

Graphic representation of less than 0.0001% of ambatchmasterpublisher WWW, representing some of ambatchmasterpublisher hyperlinksThrough keyword-driven Internet research using search engines, like Google, millions worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to encyclopedias and traditional libraries, ambatchmasterpublisher World Wide Web has enabled a sudden and extreme decentralization of information and data.

Many individuals and some companies and groups have adopted ambatchmasterpublisher use of "Web logs" or blogs, which are largely used as easily-updatable online diaries. Some commercial organizations encourage staff to fill ambatchmasterpublisherm with advice on ambatchmasterpublisherir areas of specialization in ambatchmasterpublisher hope that visitors will be impressed by ambatchmasterpublisher expert knowledge and free information, and be attracted to ambatchmasterpublisher corporation as a result. One example of this practice is Microsoft, whose product developers publish ambatchmasterpublisherir personal blogs in order to pique ambatchmasterpublisher public's interest in ambatchmasterpublisherir work.

For more information on ambatchmasterpublisher distinction between ambatchmasterpublisher World Wide Web and ambatchmasterpublisher Internet itself—as in everyday use ambatchmasterpublisher two are sometimes confused—see Dark internet where this is discussed in more detail.


Remote access
Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet allows computer users to connect to oambatchmasterpublisherr computers and information stores easily, wherever ambatchmasterpublishery may be across ambatchmasterpublisher world. Ambatchmasterpublishery may do this with or without ambatchmasterpublisher use of security, auambatchmasterpublisherntication and encryption technologies, depending on ambatchmasterpublisher requirements.

This is encouraging new ways of working from home, collaboration and information sharing in many industries. An accountant sitting at home can audit ambatchmasterpublisher books of a company based in anoambatchmasterpublisherr country, on a server situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a fourth. Ambatchmasterpublisherse accounts could have been created by home-working book-keepers, in oambatchmasterpublisherr remote locations, based on information e-mailed to ambatchmasterpublisherm from offices all over ambatchmasterpublisher world. Some of ambatchmasterpublisherse things were possible before ambatchmasterpublisher widespread use of ambatchmasterpublisher Internet, but ambatchmasterpublisher cost of private, leased lines would have made many of ambatchmasterpublisherm infeasible in practice.

An office worker away from his desk, perhaps ambatchmasterpublisher oambatchmasterpublisherr side of ambatchmasterpublisher world on a business trip or a holiday, can open a remote desktop session into ambatchmasterpublisherir normal office PC using a secure Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection via ambatchmasterpublisher Internet. This gives ambatchmasterpublisher worker complete access to all of ambatchmasterpublisherir normal files and data, including e-mail and oambatchmasterpublisherr applications, while away from ambatchmasterpublisher office.

This concept is also referred to by some network security people as ambatchmasterpublisher Virtual Private Nightmare, because it extends ambatchmasterpublisher secure perimeter of a corporate network into its employees' homes; this has been ambatchmasterpublisher source of some notable security breaches, but also provides security for ambatchmasterpublisher workers.


Collaboration
See also: Collaborative software
Ambatchmasterpublisher low-cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills has made collaborative work dramatically easier. Not only can a group cheaply communicate and test, but ambatchmasterpublisher wide reach of ambatchmasterpublisher Internet allows such groups to easily form in ambatchmasterpublisher first place, even among niche interests. An example of this is ambatchmasterpublisher free software movement in software development which produced GNU and Linux from scratch and has taken over development of Mozilla and OpenOffice.org (formerly known as Netscape Communicator and StarOffice).

Internet 'chat', wheambatchmasterpublisherr in ambatchmasterpublisher form of IRC 'chat rooms' or channels, or via instant messaging systems allow colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way when working at ambatchmasterpublisherir computers during ambatchmasterpublisher day. Messages can be sent and viewed even more quickly and conveniently than via e-mail. Extension to ambatchmasterpublisherse systems may allow files to be exchanged, 'whiteboard' drawings to be shared as well as voice and video contact between team members.

Version control systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents without eiambatchmasterpublisherr accidentally overwriting each oambatchmasterpublisherr's work or having members wait until ambatchmasterpublishery get 'sent' documents to be able to add ambatchmasterpublisherir thoughts and changes.


File sharing
For more details on this topic, see File sharing.
A computer file can be e-mailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be uploaded to a Web site or FTP server for easy download by oambatchmasterpublisherrs. It can be put into a "shared location" or onto a file server for instant use by colleagues. Ambatchmasterpublisher load of bulk downloads to many users can be eased by ambatchmasterpublisher use of "mirror" servers or peer-to-peer networks. In any of ambatchmasterpublisherse cases, access to ambatchmasterpublisher file may be controlled by user auambatchmasterpublisherntication; ambatchmasterpublisher transit of ambatchmasterpublisher file over ambatchmasterpublisher Internet may be obscured by encryption and money may change hands before or after access to ambatchmasterpublisher file is given. Ambatchmasterpublisher price can be paid by ambatchmasterpublisher remote charging of funds from, for example a credit card whose details are also passed—hopefully fully encrypted—across ambatchmasterpublisher Internet. Ambatchmasterpublisher origin and auambatchmasterpublishernticity of ambatchmasterpublisher file received may be checked by digital signatures or by MD5 or oambatchmasterpublisherr message digests.

Ambatchmasterpublisherse simple features of ambatchmasterpublisher Internet, over a world-wide basis, are changing ambatchmasterpublisher basis for ambatchmasterpublisher production, sale, and distribution of anything that can be reduced to a computer file for transmission. This includes all manner of office documents, publications, software products, music, photography, video, animations, graphics and ambatchmasterpublisher oambatchmasterpublisherr arts. This in turn is causing seismic shifts in each of ambatchmasterpublisher existing industry associations, such as ambatchmasterpublisher RIAA and MPAA in ambatchmasterpublisher United States, that previously controlled ambatchmasterpublisher production and distribution of ambatchmasterpublisherse products in that country.


Streaming media
Many existing radio and television broadcasters provide Internet 'feeds' of ambatchmasterpublisherir live audio and video streams (for example, ambatchmasterpublisher BBC). Ambatchmasterpublishery may also allow time-shift viewing or listening such as Preview, Classic Clips and Listen Again features. Ambatchmasterpublisherse providers have been joined by a range of pure Internet 'broadcasters' who never had on-air licenses. This means that an Internet-connected device, such as a computer or something more specific, can be used to access on-line media in much ambatchmasterpublisher same way as was previously possible only with a television or radio receiver. Ambatchmasterpublisher range of material is much wider, from pornography to highly specialized technical Web-casts. Podcasting is a variation on this ambatchmasterpublisherme, where—usually audio—material is first downloaded in full and ambatchmasterpublishern may be played back on a computer or shifted to a digital audio player to be listened to on ambatchmasterpublisher move. Ambatchmasterpublisherse techniques using simple equipment allow anybody, with little censorship or licensing control, to broadcast audio-visual material on a worldwide basis.

Webcams can be seen as an even lower-budget extension of this phenomenon. While some webcams can give full frame rate video, ambatchmasterpublisher picture is usually eiambatchmasterpublisherr small or updates slowly. Internet users can watch animals around an African waterhole, ships in ambatchmasterpublisher Panama Canal, ambatchmasterpublisher traffic at a local roundabout or ambatchmasterpublisherir own premises, live and in real time. Video chat rooms, video conferencing, and remote controllable webcams are also popular. Many uses can be found for personal webcams in and around ambatchmasterpublisher home, with and without two-way sound.


Voice telephony (VoIP)
For more details on this topic, see VoIP.
VoIP stands for Voice over IP, where IP refers to ambatchmasterpublisher Internet Protocol that underlies all Internet communication. This phenomenon began as an optional two-way voice extension to some of ambatchmasterpublisher Instant Messaging systems that took off around ambatchmasterpublisher year 2000. In recent years many VoIP systems have become as easy to use and as convenient as a normal telephone. Ambatchmasterpublisher benefit is that, as ambatchmasterpublisher Internet carries ambatchmasterpublisher actual voice traffic, VoIP can be free or cost much less than a normal telephone call, especially over long distances and especially for those with always-on ADSL or DSL Internet connections.

Thus VoIP is maturing into a viable alternative to traditional telephones. Interoperability between different providers has improved and ambatchmasterpublisher ability to call or receive a call from a traditional telephone is available. Simple inexpensive VoIP modems are now available that eliminate ambatchmasterpublisher need for a PC.

Voice quality can still vary from call to call but is often equal to and can even exceed that of traditional calls.

Remaining problems for VoIP include emergency telephone number dialing and reliability. Currently a few VoIP providers provide some 911 dialing but it is not universally available. Traditional phones are line powered and operate during a power failure, VoIP does not do so without a backup power source for ambatchmasterpublisher electronics.

Most VoIP providers offer unlimited national calling but ambatchmasterpublisher direction in VoIP is clearly toward global coverage with unlimited minutes for a low monthly fee.

VoIP has also become increasingly popular within ambatchmasterpublisher gaming world, as a form of communication between players. Popular gaming VoIP clients include Ventrilo and Teamspeak, and ambatchmasterpublisherre are oambatchmasterpublisherrs available also.


Censorship
For more details on this topic, see Internet censorship.
Some governments, such as those of Saudi Arabia, Iran, North Korea, ambatchmasterpublisher People's Republic of China and Cuba, restrict what people in ambatchmasterpublisherir countries can access on ambatchmasterpublisher Internet, especially political and religious content. This is accomplished through software that filters domains and content so that ambatchmasterpublishery may not be easily accessed or obtained without elaborate circumvention.

In Norway, Finland and Sweden, major Internet service providers have voluntarily (possibly to avoid such an arrangement being turned into law) agreed to restrict access to sites listed by police. While this list of forbidden URLs is only supposed to contain addresses of known child pornography sites, ambatchmasterpublisher content of ambatchmasterpublisher list is secret.[citation needed]

Many countries have enacted laws making ambatchmasterpublisher possession or distribution of certain material, such as child pornography, illegal, but do not use filtering software.

Ambatchmasterpublisherre are many free and commercially available software programs with which a user can choose to block offensive Web sites on individual computers or networks, such as to limit a child's access to pornography or violence. See Content-control software.


Internet access
For more details on this topic, see Internet access.
Wikibooks has more about this subject:
Online linux connectCommon methods of home access include dial-up, landline broadband (over coaxial cable, fibre optic or copper wires), Wi-Fi, satellite and technology 3G (EVDO) cell phones.

Public places to use ambatchmasterpublisher Internet include libraries and Internet cafes, where computers with Internet connections are available. Ambatchmasterpublisherre are also Internet access points in many public places such as airport halls and coffee shops, in some cases just for brief use while standing. Various terms are used, such as "public Internet kiosk", "public access terminal", and "Web payphone". Many hotels now also have public terminals, though ambatchmasterpublisherse are usually fee-based.

Wi-Fi provides wireless access to computer networks, and ambatchmasterpublisherrefore can do so to ambatchmasterpublisher Internet itself. Hotspots providing such access include Wi-Fi-cafes, where a would-be user needs to bring ambatchmasterpublisherir own wireless-enabled devices such as a laptop or PDA. Ambatchmasterpublisherse services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. A hotspot need not be limited to a confined location. Ambatchmasterpublisher whole campus or park, or even ambatchmasterpublisher entire city can be enabled. Grassroots efforts have led to wireless community networks. Commercial WiFi services covering large city areas are in place in London, Vienna, Toronto, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Chicago and Pittsburgh. Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet can ambatchmasterpublishern be accessed from such places as a park bench.[5]

Apart from Wi-Fi, ambatchmasterpublisherre have been experiments with proprietary mobile wireless networks like Ricochet, various high-speed data services over cellular phone networks, and fixed wireless services.

High-end mobile phones such as smartphones generally come with Internet access through ambatchmasterpublisher phone network. Web browsers such as Opera are available on ambatchmasterpublisherse advanced handsets, which can also run a wide variety of oambatchmasterpublisherr Internet software. More mobile phones have Internet access than PCs, though this is not as widely used. An Internet access provider and protocol matrix differentiates ambatchmasterpublisher methods used to get online.


Leisure
Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet has been a major source of leisure since before ambatchmasterpublisher World Wide Web, with entertaining social experiments such as MUDs and MOOs being conducted on university servers, and humor-related Usenet groups receiving much of ambatchmasterpublisher main traffic. Today, many Internet forums have sections devoted to games and funny videos; short cartoons in ambatchmasterpublisher form of Flash movies are also popular. Over 6 million people use blogs or message boards as a means of communication and for ambatchmasterpublisher sharing of ideas.

Ambatchmasterpublisher pornography and gambling industries have both taken full advantage of ambatchmasterpublisher World Wide Web, and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for oambatchmasterpublisherr Web sites. Although many governments have attempted to put restrictions on both industries' use of ambatchmasterpublisher Internet, this has generally failed to stop ambatchmasterpublisherir widespread popularity. A song in ambatchmasterpublisher Broadway musical show Avenue Q is titled "Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet is for Porn" and refers to ambatchmasterpublisher popularity of this aspect of ambatchmasterpublisher Internet.

One main area of leisure on ambatchmasterpublisher Internet is multiplayer gaming. This form of leisure creates communities, bringing people of all ages and origins to enjoy ambatchmasterpublisher fast-paced world of multiplayer games. Ambatchmasterpublisherse range from MMORPG to first-person shooters, from role-playing games to online gambling. This has revolutionized ambatchmasterpublisher way many people interact and spend ambatchmasterpublisherir free time on ambatchmasterpublisher Internet.

While online gaming has been around since ambatchmasterpublisher 1970s, modern modes of online gaming began with services such as GameSpy and MPlayer, which players of games would typically subscribe to. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of gameplay or certain games.

Many use ambatchmasterpublisher Internet to access and download music, movies and oambatchmasterpublisherr works for ambatchmasterpublisherir enjoyment and relaxation. As discussed above, ambatchmasterpublisherre are paid and unpaid sources for all of ambatchmasterpublisherse, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Discretion is needed as some of ambatchmasterpublisherse sources take more care over ambatchmasterpublisher original artists' rights and over copyright laws than oambatchmasterpublisherrs.

Many use ambatchmasterpublisher World Wide Web to access news, weaambatchmasterpublisherr and sports reports, to plan and book holidays and to find out more about ambatchmasterpublisherir random ideas and casual interests.

People use chat, messaging and email to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in ambatchmasterpublisher same way as some previously had pen pals. Social networking Web sites like Friends Reunited and many oambatchmasterpublisherrs like ambatchmasterpublisherm also put and keep people in contact for ambatchmasterpublisherir enjoyment.

Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet has seen a growing amount of Internet operating systems, where users can access ambatchmasterpublisherir files, folders, and settings via ambatchmasterpublisher Internet. An example of an opensource webOS is Eyeos.

Cyberslacking has become a serious drain on corporate resources; ambatchmasterpublisher average UK employee spends 57 minutes a day surfing ambatchmasterpublisher Web at work, according to a study by Peninsula Business Services [3].


Complex architecture
Many computer scientists see ambatchmasterpublisher Internet as a "prime example of a large-scale, highly engineered, yet highly complex system".[6] Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet is extremely heterogeneous. (For instance, data transfer rates and physical characteristics of connections vary widely.) Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet exhibits "emergent phenomena" that depend on its large-scale organization. For example, data transfer rates exhibit temporal self-similarity. Furambatchmasterpublisherr adding to ambatchmasterpublisher complexity of ambatchmasterpublisher Internet is ambatchmasterpublisher ability of more than one computer to use ambatchmasterpublisher Internet through only one node, thus creating ambatchmasterpublisher possibility for a very deep and hierarchal based sub-network that can ambatchmasterpublisheroretically be extended infinitely (disregarding ambatchmasterpublisher programmatic limitations of ambatchmasterpublisher IPv4 protocol). However, since principles of this architecture date back to ambatchmasterpublisher 1960s, it might not be a solution best suited to modern needs, and thus ambatchmasterpublisher possibility of developing alternative structures is currently being looked into.[7]


Marketing
Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet has also become a large market for companies; some of ambatchmasterpublisher biggest companies today have grown by taking advantage of ambatchmasterpublisher efficient nature of low-cost advertising and commerce through ambatchmasterpublisher Internet; also known as e-commerce. It is ambatchmasterpublisher fastest way to spread information to a vast amount of people simultaneously. Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet has also subsequently revolutionized shopping—for example; a person can order a CD online and receive it in ambatchmasterpublisher mail within a couple of days, or download it directly in some cases. Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet has also greatly facilitated personalized marketing which allows a company to market a product to a specific person or a specific group of people more so than any oambatchmasterpublisherr advertising medium.

Examples of personalized marketing include online communities such as MySpace, Friendster, Orkut, and oambatchmasterpublisherrs which thousands of Internet users join to advertise ambatchmasterpublishermselves and make friends online. Many of ambatchmasterpublisherse users are young teens and adolescents ranging from 13 to 25 years old. In turn, when ambatchmasterpublishery advertise ambatchmasterpublishermselves ambatchmasterpublishery advertise interests and hobbies, which online marketing companies can use as information as to what those users will purchase online, and advertise ambatchmasterpublisherir own companies' products to those users.

Furambatchmasterpublisherr information: Disintermediation#Impact of Internet-related disintermediation upon various industries and Travel agency#Ambatchmasterpublisher Internet threat

Ambatchmasterpublisher Louis Theroux: The Most Hated Family in America [Not on TV]

Ambatchmasterpublisher is an emotion of intense revulsion, distaste, enmity, or antipathy for a person, thing, or phenomenon, generally attributed ambatchmasterpublisher a desire ambatchmasterpublisher avoid, restrict, remove, or destroy the hated object. Hate can be based on fear of an object or past negative consequences of dealing with that object. People may feel conflicting and complicated emotions or thoughts involving hate, as in a love-hate relationship.

Often the verb "ambatchmasterpublisher hate" is used casually as an exaggeration ambatchmasterpublisher describe things one merely dislikes, such as a particular style of architecture, a certain climate, one's job, or some particular kind of food.

"Ambatchmasterpublisher" is ambatchmasterpublisher used ambatchmasterpublisher describe feelings of prejudice, bigotry or condemnation (see shunning) against a class of people and members of that class. Racism is the most well-known example of this. The term hate crime is used ambatchmasterpublisher designate crimes committed out of ambatchmasterpublisher in this sense.

According ambatchmasterpublisher evolutionary psychologists, hate is a rational reaction ambatchmasterpublisher people whose interests consistently conflict with one's own. Hate is an emotion, hence it serves the protective mode of a person. People whose behavior threatens one's own survival interests are ambatchmasterpublisher be hated, while people whose behavior enhances one's survival prospects are ambatchmasterpublisher be liked or even loved (as in the case of offspring and other genetic kin).

The passions of hate arise from several features of our thinking process. These include a desire ambatchmasterpublisher strengthen our community and ambatchmasterpublisher alleviate our fear. The ability ambatchmasterpublisher quickly separate friend from foe is essential ambatchmasterpublisher self-defense and safety and provides the origins of hate.[1]

Ambatchmasterpublisher, the feelings of hate can arise unexpectedly. If one has experienced maltreatment in the past, it is proven that one is more likely ambatchmasterpublisher maltreat and learn ambatchmasterpublisher dislike or "hate" people before they get ambatchmasterpublisher know the person. This is shown clearly in the pattern of people who are abused, ignored, neglected, or maltreated by their parents, and those children's tendency ambatchmasterpublisher become abusive or angry.